ABSTRACT
Hemodialysis as a treatment modality for Stage V chronic kidney disease (CKD) has significantly decreased mortality. However, there have been several studies reporting sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in these patients which affects their quality of life. The role of hemodialysis in its etiology has been widely debated and the strength of available evidence has not yet been evaluated. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify a possible association of hemodialysis to hearing loss and guide in making informed decisions in the management of CKD patients. Relevant articles from PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCO Medline, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and Clinical Key were identified using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses framework. Studies that were published since the inception of the database to May 2020 and written in the English language were analyzed. A total of 36 articles on hemodialysis and sudden or SNHL were retrieved. Many were observational (13 cohorts, 10 case-control, seven case series, and six cross-sectional) studies involving 99,020 participants with ages ranging from 1 to 80 years. This review elucidates the occurrence of SNHL in CKD patients on hemodialysis. Yet, the available literature fails to provide conclusive evidence on hemodialysis as a causative agent for SNHL. Audiological assessment of all CKD patients before hemodialysis and regular follow-up may help in early diagnosis and better management of hearing loss
ABSTRACT
The objectives of this study were to compare the microhardness, flexural strength and compressivestrength of a new bulk-fill composite (SonicFill™) to a conventional nanohybrid composite (HerculitePrecis) and an established bulk-fill composite (Tetric N Ceram). In addition, the depth of cure of thetwo bulk-fill resin composites was also investigated. The materials were prepared and tested for themechanical properties following ISO 4049:2009. Microhardness and depth of cure were measured usingVickers hardness tester. Compressive and flexural strength were tested using a universal testing machine.To determine the depth of cure, microhardness of the bulk-fill composites were measured as a functionof selected depth of materials at 0.5 mm, 2.0 mm and 4.0 mm. Data were analyzed by either one-wayANOVA or Friedman test. Analysis demonstrated that SonicFill™ gave the highest microhardness value(101.8 + 4.6 VHN) compared to the other two groups. There were no significant differences among allgroups in flexural and compressive strength. The depth of cure decreased as the thickness of both bulkfillcomposites increased. In conclusion, SonicFill™ showed favorable mechanical properties comparedto other composites tested. In both bulk-filled groups, microhardness value decreased as the thicknessof the composite increased. The polymerization of the bulk-filled composites was effective only at 2 mmor less.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the effect of several beverages on the physical properties of SonicFill (Kerr Corp.,USA), a new bulk-fill dental composite, over a period of time. Methods: A total of 28 discs (10 mm x 2mm) were prepared and randomly assigned into 4 groups (n=7) according to the beverages they wouldbe immersed in. The beverages chosen were Coca-Cola?, Nescafe? coffee, Lipton tea? and distilledwater (control). Surface roughness, microhardness and colour stability were evaluated using 3D opticalsurface texture analyser, Vickers microhardness tester and spectrophotometer respectively. Readingswere recorded at the time intervals of 24 hours, 1 week and 1 moth after immersion. The data obtainedwere analysed using one-way ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA and MANOVA. Results: There weresignificant differences in surface roughness for only two pairs of groups (distilled water and Coca-Cola,distilled water and coffee). However, there was no significant difference between the groups within thechosen time. Statistical analysis showed significant difference in microhardness between time only forCoca-Cola, with significant differences between 24 hours and 1 week; and 24 hours and 1 month. Forthe colour evaluation, there was significant difference between the groups within time. Conclusions:All the beverages chosen were able to affect the physical properties of the SonicFill. However, noparticular beverage had a higher or lower impact on the surface roughness than the other beverages.Microhardness was affected by distilled water and Coca-Cola, in ascending order. Colour was affectedmost by coffee, followed by tea and Coca-Cola.
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to evaluate the quality of the hybridlayer form by three different adhesive systems. Class Vcavities were prepared on the buccal surface of fourtyextracted human premolars. The prepared teeth wererandomly assigned into four groups according to theadhesive system and application mode. The systemswere: Optibond S (OS, total-etch); Optibond Versa (OV,two-bottles, self-etch); Single Bond Universal (SBU,one-bottle, self-etch) and Single Bond Universal withetchant (SBU + etchant). All cavities were restored withcomposite (Filtek Z350XT). The samples were sectioned,polished and pretreated to remove minerals, proteinand water prior to SEM evaluation. From the images,thickness of the hybrid layers was measured. Present ofresin tags and adaptation failure were also recorded. Thedata obtained were analyzed using ANOVA, Dunnett’sT3, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. OS groupshowed the highest average hybrid layer thickness (4.34µm), followed by SBU + etchant (3.06 µm), OV (1.91 µm)and SBU (0.95 µm). Both adhesive and cohesive failureswere observed in SBU group. Present of prominent resintags were seen in both OS and OV groups. In conclusion,all the investigated adhesive systems were able to performdistinguishable actions as shown in micro-morphologicalalteration and hybrid layer thickness. Two-bottles, selfetchadhesive (OV) was proven to produce negligibleadaptation failure compared to other adhesive systems inthe present study. Combined all-in-one adhesive (SBU)was found to render a superior bonding performance intotal-etch mode comparing to self-etch mode.